Software Development Life Cycle

Software Crisis

In earlier days, same codes needed to be written time and again increasing the complexity and time required for development
This resulted in software not being completed on time and the cost increased than expected
Solution: Object Oriented Programming

Software Evolution

Investigation
Feasibility Study
Analysis
Design
Implementation
Maintenance

Investigation

First step in preparation of the IS
includes the preliminary study of proposed information system
investigates the information needs of the users and determines the resource requirement, costs, benefits and feasibility of a proposed project

2. Feasibility Study

feasibility study is an analysis of the practicality of an idea
focuses on helping answer the essential question of “should we proceed with the proposed project idea?”
The feasibility study is conducted in four
different areas:
1. Organizational feasibility
2. Economic feasibility
3. Technical feasibility
4. Operational feasibility

3. Feasibility Study

4. Analysis

In-depth study and results in the functional requirement that provide the basis for system design
The process of system analysis starts with analyzing the organization’s present system if any, and functional requirement analysis
Analysis of each component of system like hardware, software, people resource, networking and data resources is required

Functional requirements are end user information requirements that comprise of:

User Interface Requirement
Processing Requirement
Storage Requirement
Control Requirement

5. Design

gives answer to the question “How” the system will accomplish the objective
consists of design activities that produce system specifications, satisfying the functional requirements developed at the analysis stage
System design consists of two steps:
Conceptual Design
Detailed Design

6. Implementation

Putting the developed system into work
Consists of the following:
1. Acquisition of hardware and software resources required by the proposed system.
2. Develop the computer program or perform any modification in the existing programs or the software package purchased.
3. Train the end user
4. Test the system and remove errors if any. This process is continued till system is free from errors
5. Conversion process i.e. to introduce a new system.

Types of implementation:

Direct/Plunge
Phase wise
pilot
Parallel

7. Maintenance

After implementation, the system is evaluated for its performance
If the system doesn't fulfill the objective of the organization, then the system ought to be maintained or updated
last or concluding stage of Information System development process

Maintenance might be done for the following reasons:
1. To change the policy statement
2. To change forms
3. To change operating system
4. To change procedures, etc.

What is manipulator in C++?

Answer: Manipulators are special functions that can be included in the I/O statement to alter the format parameters of a stream. Table-2 shows some important manipulator functions that are frequently used. To access these manipulators, the file < iomanip.h > should be included in program. Table-2 Manipulators Equivalent ios function set...

Passing arrays to functions in C programming

Like any other variables, we can also pass entire array to a function. An array name can be named as an argument for the prototype declaration and in function header. When we call the function no need to subscript or square brackets. When we pass array that pass as a call by reference because the array name is address for that array. /* Program to illustrate passing array to function */ #include<stdio.h> void display(int) ; /* function prototype */ main( ) { int num[5] = {100, 20, 40, 15, 33, i ; clrscr( ) ; printf (“\n The content of array is \n”) ; for (i=0; i<5; i++) display (num[i]) ; /*Pass array element fo fun */ getch{ } ; } void display(int n) { printf (“\t%d”, n ) ; } Output: The content of array is 100 20 40 15 3 /* Program to read 10 numbers from keyboard to store these num into array and then c...

Explanation of Graphics in C programming

The header file graphics.h should be included to use graphics related built in functions. Again, the variable gDriver is an integer variable that specifies graphics driver to be used. Device drivers are small programs which talk directly to the hardware. Graphics drivers are a subset of device drivers and are applicable only in the graphics mode. The initialization of this variable to DETECT is to set another variable gMode to the highest resolution available for the detected driver. The value of this variable gDriver may be another than DETECT (e.g. 1 for CGA, 9 for VGA.). The variable gMode is an integer that specifies initial graphics mode. The built in function initgraph() is for graphics initialization. The syntax for this is as initgraph(&graphics_driver, &graphics_mode, path_to_driver); path_to_driver specifies the directory path where initgraph() looks for graphics drivers ( .BGI files). Thi...

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