Database Management System(DBMS)

Data and Information

Data is an unprocessed raw fact which does not give complete meaning about any object,person, entity etc. But when various inter-related data arranged in a row, it gives a complete meaning which is referred to as information. For Example:

ID	Name	Address	Program
1101	Ram Shrestha	Biratnagar	BScIT

is information of a specific person.

Database

Database is a repository(storage) for the organized collection of related information of data items. It Consist of meaningful arrangement of data, relationship, constraints, schema etc. In modern days we define database as a computerized record-keeping system used to store information and allows users to retrieve and update these information on their request. Some example of databases are telephone directory, data of SLC result, student and employee records etc.

Database Management System(DBMS)

Database is the software the software package to manage the database. It provides the environment for user to store, manipulate, update retrieve or delete the data of database whenever required. DBMS is the communicator program between users and database. It is master database software that control all the database and helps to preserve the consistency, integrity, security and non redundancy of data. Some example of DBMS are MS access, oracle, Cbase, Dbase etc.

fig: Simple view of Database System

Advantages of DBMS

1. Control Data Redundancy

DBMS do not allow to store same data files in the system which is already in system. I controls duplication of data because of this, it save space for new entry, help to find correct and updated file.

2.Data Access

Users can access data easily within the database with the help of DBMS.

3. Multiple User Interface

Multiple user can view the data in a same time without any problem.

4.Data Isolation

DBMS allow to view or read only files from different system at same time but it do not allow to write or update at same time because it will create error or wrong calculation while updating files. Multiple users can not update or modify files or data from system at same time.

5. Consistency and integrity

Data values must be meet all the requirement to store in database. This will checked to ensure that they fall within a specified range and are of the current format.

6. Security

It provides more security of data in database.

7. Atomicity

If any problem occur during transaction DBMS take back to origin point of transaction. It perform transaction either all or null.

8. Flexibility and Reliability
Data should flexible to insert, retrieve, update and delete and its data should be reliable because it do not allow to store haphazard data in the database.

9. High availability
Data will easily available when required.

Disadvantages of DBMS

1) Cost of purchasing or developing software is very high.
2) Required trained manpower to manage.
3) Required lots of hardware resources for sharing data.
4) Cost of maintenance of software is high.

Passing arrays to functions in C programming

Like any other variables, we can also pass entire array to a function. An array name can be named as an argument for the prototype declaration and in function header. When we call the function no need to subscript or square brackets. When we pass array that pass as a call by reference because the array name is address for that array. /* Program to illustrate passing array to function */ #include<stdio.h> void display(int) ; /* function prototype */ main( ) { int num[5] = {100, 20, 40, 15, 33, i ; clrscr( ) ; printf (“\n The content of array is \n”) ; for (i=0; i<5; i++) display (num[i]) ; /*Pass array element fo fun */ getch{ } ; } void display(int n) { printf (“\t%d”, n ) ; } Output: The content of array is 100 20 40 15 3 /* Program to read 10 numbers from keyboard to store these num into array and then c...

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

PGA reffered as pin grid array in which pins of CPU are lined up in a straight format. SPGA referred as staggered pin grid array. in which pins of CPU are arranged staggered format. LGA reffered to as Land Grid Array in which pins are available within inside the socket but not in the CPU in other words in line grid array, in CPU ther are no pinsbut insteadpins areattached with in a socket which contact with with the CPU. for e.g. LGA775 socket(no pins on cpu) has better cooling system. better contact and better locking(climbing). LGA1155: Letest generation I socket, also reffered as sandy bridge, Turbo boost overclocking. More resent than LGA 1156 socket. LGA1156: ability to north bridge Doul channel DDR3 optional integreted graphics PCI express LGA1366: hi end core i series socket integreted tiple channal memmory controller external control bridge(HUB) Upgrading CPU: need to check its core suppert check multiprocessor supports or not check on the ...

Recursive Function in C programming

If a statement within the body of a function calls the same function, the function is called recursive function. Actually, recursion is a process by which a function calls itself repeatedly until some specified condition has been satisfied. This process is used for repetitive computations in which each action is stated in term of previous result. Many iterative or repetitive problems can be written in this form. To solve a problem using recursive method, two conditions must be satisfied. They are: 1) Problem could be written or defined in term of its previous result. 2) Problem statement must include a stopping condition. /* An example of recursive function to calculate factorial of a number.*/ #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h...

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