The input output functions like
printf(), scanf(), getchar(), putchar(), gets(), puts() are known as console
oriented I/O functions which always use keyboard and computer screen as the
target place. While using these library functions, the entire data is lost when
either the program is terminated or the computer is turned off. Again, it
becomes cumbersome and time consuming to handle large volume of data through
keyboard. These problems invite concept of data files in which data can be
stored on the disks and read whenever necessary, without destroying data.
A file is a place on the
disk where a group of related data is stored. The data file allows us to store
information permanently and to access and alter that information whenever
necessary. Programming language C has various library functions for creating
and processing data files. Mainly, there are two types of data files, one is stream
oriented or standard or high level and another is system
oriented or low level data files. In standard data files, the
available library functions do their own buffer management whereas the
programmer should do it explicitly in the case of system oriented files. Thus,
system oriented data files are generally easier to work with and are therefore
more commonly used.
The standard data files are again subdivided into text files and binary
files. The text files consist of consecutive characters and these characters
can be interpreted as individual data item. The binary files organize data into
blocks containing contiguous bytes of information.
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